Urinary System

The urinary system is the set of organs responsible for expelling the waste from the blood from the cells from the cell. The organs that constitute the excretory apparatus are the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Its function is to eliminate liquid waste from urine -shaped blood; maintain a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a useful hormone in the formation of red blood cells. Renal damage, once it happens, cannot be reversed. Possible complications can affect almost any part of the body and can be, among others, the following: fluid retention, which could cause swelling in arms and legs, high or liquid blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary edema).

The kidneys depend largely on an adequate supply of glutathione (GSH) to maintain its normal functioning. This is, in part, to the high rates of aerobic metabolism, particularly in the proximal tubules. In addition, the kidneys are potentially exposed to high concentrations of oxidants and reactive electrophile's. GSH renal cell concentrations are maintained by intracellular synthesis and transport from the outside of the cell. Oxidative stress seems to play an important role in many human diseases, including cancer and infections. It is likely that several kidney diseases, including glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, toxic nephropathies, pyelonephritis, acute renal failure and others, are mediated, at least in part, by oxidizing injury.

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